By Robert Oliphant

Americans have always had trouble learning new words. Via lists or flash cards, the process uses brute force repetition to drive word-targets and their definitions into soft, presumably malleable young minds, there to fester until our Alzheimer's plaques and tangles expel these cognitive intruders - very much like the Memory Sickness in Gabriel Marquez' A Hundred Years of Solitude. As a nation uniquely at mnemonic risk, we should remember here that 80% of the average American's vocabulary, far from being "English," is composed of fundamentally unintelligible, indigestible Graeco-Latinate lumps like, NOSTALGIA, DEMOCRACY, ECONOMICS, and ENTERTAINMENT.

Latin versus Spanish . . . . It is still customary for Deep Thinkers, liberal and conservative, to mourn the passing of Latin in American public education (Walter Ong once defined it as a "puberty rite"). Prospective mourners, though, should first check the words on a standard vocabulary list (e.g., Dolch, grade 13) against both an English-Latin and an English-Spanish dictionary section. If they do, they will discover many more Latinate-English matches with contemporary Spanish than with classical Latin.

Some of these etymologically related cognates (literally "co-born") are immediately apparent, as with acrid- agri , alcoholic- alcohólico , and ancient- anciano . Other pairs are more puzzling, e.g. name- apellido (APPELLATION) and wrinkle- arruga (corRUGATED). But the number of pairings overall is truly impressive, along with testifying to the fact that we borrowed most of our Graeco-Latinate words ("inkhorn terms") relatively late - as indicated by the many abbreviations for late Latin (LL), Medieval Latin (ML), and new Latin (NL) in our desk dictionaries.

Using Spanish and Latinate-English cognates for learning high-frequency vocabulary targets . . . . A nation's vocabulary is much like its coinage system. We have "small change" words like THE and RUN which turn up very frequently and which have many uses, along with "big denomination" words (e.g., MYOCARDIAL) which turn up less frequently. We therefore usually focus upon high-frequency multi-definition words first in building our Spanish vocabulary, e.g., 1,000 VizEd cards or the 5,000 words in a mini-thesaurus like Navarro's Mastering Spanish Vocabulary (MSV), Barron's, 1995.

Appendix One presents 771 Spanish high-frequency target words from MSV, each of which is accompanied by a Latinate-English cognate in caps, a crossword-style definition clue, and a one- or two-word definition. As in the following

tapa (n) 46 TAP 3 sn- 5 snack. . . . taza (n) 45 demi-TASSE 1 c- 3 cup. . . . teñir (v) 28 TINGE 1 d- 3 dye. . . . tejano 50 proTECT 3 j- 5 jeans. . . . tejido 51 TEXTURE 1 f- 6 fabric. . . . teléfono (n) 12 TELEPHONE 1 te- -9 telephone. . . . tela 50 TEXTILE 1 cl- 5 cloth. . . . temblar (v) 27 TREMBLE 1 tr- 7 tremble. . . . tenador (mn) 45 TENTACLE 4 f- 4 fork. . . . tienda (n) 44 TENT 4 st- 5 store (n).

As here indicated, the cognate is sometimes a word-element (as in tejano -proTECT). As is customary, part-of-speech categories are where appropriate indicated via abbreviation (n-noun, mn-masculine noun), etc. The crossword-style clue is included for do-it-yourself testing purposes and therefore includes initial letters (sometimes clusters) and the overall number of letters (as in "te-9" for "telephone"). By way of illustration here is a sample question. Appendix Two presents a do-it-yourself testing procedure that will produce memory-friendly test questions like the following (answers can be checked via Appendix One):

For each of the following four-element Spanish-word presentations, please write out the omitted item that belongs in the underlined blank space.

(1) ____ (n) TAP sn- 5 snack

(2) taza (n) demi-TASSE c- 3 ___

(3) teñir (v) TINGE d- 3 ___

Competing with mnemonic civilizations . . . . What's here represents a very simple first step toward structural-connectedness mnemonics as a replacement for brute-force repetitive learning. It's offered here in the hope that it will be followed by more sophisticated achievements from our professional lexicographers and word-processing experts. As I see it, the urgency behind this kind of effort can be summed up in one phrase: MNEMONIC CIVILIZATIONS.

Right now our so-called "western" civilization shares the planet with three other civilizations that still embody a mnemonic "sacred text" tradition: the Indic (Mahabharata), the Chinese (Confucian classics), and the Islamic (the Koran). As indicated by their low Alzheimer's rates (via Medical Science News), they are now competing with us intellectually, not just economically and politically. I believe it is therefore imperative for us to re-emphasize the role of memorization in our society, measurably so, along with developing new tools and procedures to implement this new emphasis.

TO CONCLUDE . . . .On the bright side, I would point to the National Anthem Project, which calls for memorizing all four verses, the Poetry Out Loud National Recitation Project, which calls for a return to our traditional memorizing and reciting of great poetry, and the growth of external high stakes testing (No Child Left Behind, etc.).

To me, these new developments suggest a growing awareness on the part of Americans that LEARNING is still a hard work brute force personal-best process, even for 6-year-olds. To respect it, and them, is to respect ourselves and our futures. More learning, less teaching - what's wrong with this as an agenda item for Americans these days?

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Appendix One. . . . Spanish words, Latinate-English cognates, crossword-style clues, and English equivalents.

NOTE. . . . Each entry presents the Spanish word then, including part of speech membership in parentheses if appropriate. Then comes its page location in Mastering Spanish Vocabulary, José María Navarro (Barron's Educational Series, 1995). This is followed by an etymologically related cognate-word or word element in caps (based on Diccionario Etimolologico by Fernando Corripio, Editorial Bruega, 1973). Then comes the number-of-definitions category (1-7) for the English cognate, based on Webster's New World Dictionary (third edition). After this comes the initial letter(s) of the English definition followed by the hyphens, if needed, to indicate additional syllables, and then the number of letters in that definition. Two-word definitions are indicated by hyphen divisions.

By way of illustration, our first entry, ABIERTO(ad)44 is identified as an adjective whose definition appears on page 44 of Mastering Spanish Vocabulary. Its English cognate is represented as APERTure by way of emphasizing the connection between APERT and ABIERTO. The numeral 1 indicates a small number of definitions listed in WNW. The "o-" indicates that its definition begins with letter O and has two syllables. The following "4" indicates that its definition, which follows, has four letters.

Clues . . . . Overall what's here can be fairly described as a sequence of crossword-puzzle clues (letters and definitions) prefaced by a spelling-meaning clue (i.e., an English cognate for the Spanish word-target). Since cognate relationships vary in closeness, the particular usefulness of this spelling-meaning clue will vary greatly. But its cumulative benefit is bound to be substantial, if only for the reason that it adds a logical connectedness to what has traditionally been a rote-learning challenge. What's here can therefore be used as a bi-directional vocabulary growth tests, since questions based on this list can be used to learn both Spanish words and Latinate-English words, including Latinate vocabulary "roots" and sound correspondences (AB/AP, C/CH, etc.).

A list like this, frankly, is just the beginning. There's no reason why its Spanish coverage can't be extended. Nor is there any reason why its approach can't be extended to encompass other cognate-rich Indo-European languages: French, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Modern Greek, Polish, Lithuanian (very close to Indo-European, incidentally, Serbian, Croatian, etc.

Etymological connectedness . . . . Procedurally, the search procedure begins with a Spanish word (e.g., AGRIO), followed by locating it in a Spanish etymological dictionary and noting its etymology, if any (e.g., "Latin ACER"). After this, an English dictionary is searched to locate an English word (e.g., ACRID) which has the same etymology cited for it (e.g., "Latin ACER"). An acceptable "hit" therefore requires that both the Spanish target and its Latinate English "cognate" have the same etymological source.

In any language, the pronunciation of speech sounds is bound to change over a thousand years. Many of these are set forth in a supplement to the American Heritage Dictionary that is based upon Julius Pokorny's IndoGermanisches Worterbuch, which presents these sounds in Sanskrit-alphabet sequence, e.g., P, B, T, D, K, G, etc. Just as striking, and more puzzling are the changes in the meanings attached to speech sounds. In such a climate of febrile (feverish?) uncertainty, any etymological link proposed is bound to highly speculative: there to fill a vacuum more than anything else.

When it comes to connectedness and learning, though, these etymologies, based as they are upon Corripio's, are fairly authoritative, along with offering a position of strength to the student of vocabularies - Spanish AND English.

***

1) abierto(ad)44APERTure1o-4open (ad).

2) aborto (n)29ABORTION1ab-8abortion

3) abrigo 50 FRIGID (?) 3 c- 4 coat

4) abrir (v) 28 APERTURE 4 o- 4 open

5) acaricar 27 CARESS 1 str- 6 stroke

acción (fn) 27 ACTION 1 act- 6 action

aceite (mn) 40 az-zait (Ar) 4 o- 3 oil

acostar(se) (v) 27 COAST 4 l.d 7 lie down

actividad (fn) 27 ACTIVITY 1 act- 8 activity

adelgazar (v) 28 DELICATE 3 red- 6 reduce

adulto (ad) 29 ADULT 1 ad- 5 adult

afeitar(se) (v( 28 AFFECTATION 4 sh- 5 shave

agachar(se) (v) 27 COGENT 4 cr- 6 crouch

agitar (v) 28 AGITATE 3 sh- 5 shake

agridulce (ad) 26 ACRID/DULCET 1 bit- 11 bittersweet

agrio (ad) 26 ACRID 1 so- 4 sour

agua (mn) 42 AQUATIC 1 wa- 5 water

ahogar (v) 29 sufFOCATE 3 dr- 5 drown

ajo (n) 41 ALLIUM 1 ga- 5 garlic

albaricoque (mn) 41 APRICOT 1 ap- 6 apricot

alcachofa (n) 41 ARTICHOKE 1 art- 9 artichoke

alcohólico (n) 43 ALCOHOLIC 1 al- 9 alcoholic

alcohol (mn) 43 ALCOHOL 1 al- 7 alcohol

alimento (n) 45 ALIMENTARY 1 f- 4 food

almorzar (v) 45 MORSEL 3 lu- 5 lunch (v)

almuerzo (n) 45 MORSEL 3 lu- 5 lunch (n)

alto (ad) 28 ALTItude 1 h- 4 high

amar (v) 29 AMOROUS 1 l- 4 love (v)

amargo (ad) 26 amaretto 2 bit- 6 bitter

ambulancia (n) 31 AMBULANCE 1 amb- 9 ambulance

anciano (ad) 29 ANCIENT 1 ag- 5 aged

andar (v) 27 AMBLE 1 g- 2 go

apéndice (mn) 24 APPENDIX 1 ap- 8 appendix

apagar (v) 28 PACIFY 4 exti- 12 extinguish

apellido (n) 11 APPELLATION 1 na- 4 name

apertivo 46 APERTIF 1 ap- 7 apertif

apetito 46 APPETITE 1 ap- 7 appetite

aplicar (v) 28 APPLY 1 ap- 5 apply

apoyar(se) (v) 27 PODIUM 2 l- 4 lean

apretar (v) 28 PRESSURE 1 pr- 5 press

arriesgado (ad) 33 RISK 1 r- 5 risky

arroz (mn) 40 RICE 1 r- 4 rice

arruga (n) 28 corRUGATED 1 wri- 7 wrinkle

asado (n) 45 SEAR 1 ro- 5 roast (n)

asar (v) 45 SEAR (?) 1 r0- 5 roast

aseo (n) 28 ASSIDUITY 3 gro- 8 grooming

aspecto (n) 30 ASPECT 3 app- 10 appearance

atún 40 TUNA 1 t- 4 tuna

ataque (mn) 32 ATTACK 1 at- 6 attack

atar (v) 28 adAPT 4 fast- 6 fasten

atrativo (ad) 28 ATTRACTIVE 1 at- 11 attractive

auxilio (n) 31 AUXILIARY 2 a- 3 aid

avellana (n) 40 avelano (It) 4 ha-n- 8 hazelnut

azúcar (mn) 40 SUGAR 1 su- 5 sugar

azafran (mn) 40 SAFFRON 1 sa- 7 saffron

bañador (m) 50 BALNEOLOGY 4 b-su- 11 bathing suit

bañar(se) (v) 28 BALNEology 1 ba- 5 bathe

bajo (ad) 28 BASEment 1 sh 5 short

bandja 46 BAND 4 tr- 4 tray

bar (mn) 46 BAR 1 b- 3 bar (n)

barato (ad) 44 BARTERED 3 ch- 5 cheap

barba (n) 28 BARBer 3 be- 5 beard

barbilla (n) 24 BARBer 3 ch- 4 chin

barman (mn) 46 BARMAN 1 ba- 9 bartender

barra 46 BAR 1 b- 3 bar

barriga (n) 24 BARREL (?) 4 bel- 5 belly

batir (v) 45 BATTER 1 b- 4 beat (v)

bebé (mn) 29 BABY 1 b- 4 baby

beber (v) 42 imBIBE 1 dr- 5 drink (v)

bebide (n) 42 BEVERAGE 1 dri 5 drink (n)

bebido (ad) 43 BIBULOUS 4 ti- 5 tipsy

belleza (n) 28 BELLE 1 bea- 6 beauty

bello (ad) 26 BELLE 1 pr- 6 pretty

besar (v) 29 BUSS (?) 1 k- 4 kiss (v)

beso (n) 29 BUSS (?) 1 k- 4 kiss (n)

bigote (mn) 28 'BY GOD' 4 mus- 8 mustache

bistec (mn) 40 BEEF-STEAK 1 st- 5 steak

blanco (ad) 28 BLANK 2 wh- 5 white

blando (ad) 26 BLAND 3 so- 4 soft

blusa 50 BLOUSE 1 bl- 6 blouse

boca (n) 21 BUCCAL 4 m- 5 mouth

bocadilla (n) 45 BUCCAL 4 san- 8 sandwich

bodega (n) 44 APOTHECARY 4 wi-sh- 8 wine shop

boina 51 BERET (basque) 1 b- 5 beret

bombón (mn) 40 BONBON 1 bo- 6 bonbon

borracho (ad) 43 BURLESQUE 4 dr- 5 drunk

bostezar (v) 27 OSCITancy 1 y- 4 yawn

bota 50 BOOT 1 b- 4 boot

bote (mn) 44 BUTT 3 c- 3 can (n)

botella (n) 44 BOTTLE 1 bo- 6 bottle

brandy (mn) 43 BRANDY 1 br- 6 brandy

brazo (n) 21 em-BRACE 3 s- 3 arm

brocha (n) 28 BRUSH 1 br 5 brush (n)

bufanda 51 BUFFOON 4 mu- 7 muffler

buscar (v) 28 OSCILLATE (?) 1 sea- 6 search (v)

cáncer (mn) 32 CANCER 1 ca- 6 cancer

cólera (n) 32 CHOLERA 1 cho- 7 cholera

caña (n) 43 CANE 4 dr-be- 9 draft beer

cabeza (a) 21 deCAPITATE 1 h- 4 head

cadera (n) 24 CHAIR 4 hi- 3 hip

caer(se) (v) 27 deCADENT 2 f- 4 fall (v)

café (mn) 42 COFFEE 1 co- 6 coffee

cafetería 46 CAFETERIA 2 ca- 4 cafe

caida (n) 27 deCADENCE 1 f- 4 fall (n)

caja (n) 44 CASE 1 b- 3 box

caja (n) 44 CASH 3 c-b- 7 cash box

calamar (mn) 40 CALAMUS 4 sq- 4 squid

calcetin (m) 50 CALX 4 st- 8 stocking

caldo (n) 45 CALDRON 4 con- 8 consomme

calentar (v) 45 CALORIE 1 h- 4 heat (v)

calidad (f) 50 QUALITY 1 qu- 7 qulaity

caliente (ad) 26 CALORific 1 wa- 4 warm

caliente (ad) 45 CALORIE 1 w- 4 warm

calle (fn) 12 CARRIER 4 str- 6 street

calvo (ad) 28 CALVARY 2 b- 4 bald

cambiar(se) 51 CHANGE 3 ch-cl- 12 change clothes

camerero (n) 46 CAMERA 4 wa- 6 waiter

caminar (v) 27 chemin de fer (fr) 2 g- 2 go

camisa 50 CHEMISE 3 sh- 5 shirt

cansado (ad) 28 QUASH 1 ti- 5 tired

cansancio (n) 28 QUASH 1 tir- 9 tiredness

cansar (v) 28 QUASH 1 tir- 4 tire

cansar(se) (v) 28 QUASH 1 bec-t- 11 become tired

cara (n) 21 CHEERful 4 f- 4 face

caramelo (n) 40 CARAMEL 2 ca- 5 candy

carmín (mn) 28 CRIMSON 3 lip- 8 lipstick

carne (fn) 40 CARNIvorous 1 m- 4 meat

carnicería (n) 44 CARNIvorous 1 me-ma- 10 meat market

caro (ad) 44 CHERISHED 1 d- 4 dear

carrito (n) 44 CAR 3 c- 4 cart

carta (n) 46 CARD 3 m- 4 menu

casado (ad) 11 CHASTE 4 ma- 7 married

castaño (ad) 28 CHESTNUT 1 ch- 8 chestnut

cava (mn) 43 CAVE 4 cha- 9 champagne

cebolla (n) 41 CIPOLIN 4 on- 5 onion

ceja (n) 23 superCILIOUS 2 ey- 7 eyebrow

cena (n) 45 CENACLE 2 di- 6 dinner

cenar (v) 45 CENACLE 2 d- 4 dine

cenicero (n) 43 CINDER 3 a-tr- 7 ashtray

ceniza (n) 43 CINDER 1 a- 3 ash

cepillar(se) (v) 28 CHIP 1 br- 5 brush (v)

cepillo (n) 28 CHIP 1 br- 5 brush (n)

cerebro (n) 23 CEREBRAL 1 br- 5 brain

cereza (n) 41 CHERRY 1 ch- 6 cherry

cerilla 43 CERACEOUS 4 ma- 5 match

cerrado (ad) 44 SERA-aglio 4 cl- 5 closed

cerrar (v) 28 SERA-glio 2 cl- 5 close

cerveza (n) 43 CEREAL 3 b- 4 beer

cesta (n) 44 CHEST 4 ba- 6 basket

champú (mn) 28 SHAMPOO 1 sh- 7 shampoo

chaqueta 50 JACKET 4 Ja- 6 jacket

chico (n) 29 CHICK PEA (?) 4 b- 3 boy

chocolate (mn) 42 CHOCOLATE 1 cho- 10 chocolate

chorizo (n) 40 SAUSAGE 1 sau- 7 sausage

chuleta (n) 40 CUTLET 1 su- 6 cutlet

chupar (v) 27 JUICE (?) 4 su- 4 suck

churro (n) 45 SORDID (?) 4 fr- 6 fritter

cicatrix (fn) 32 CICATRIX 1 sc- 4 scar

ciego (ad) 32 CECUM 4 bl- 5 blind

cigala (n) 40 CICADA 4 cr-f- 8 crawfish

cigaro (n) 43 CIGAR 1 ci- 5 cigar

cigarrillo (n) 43 CIGARETTE 1 cig- 9 cigarette

ciruela (n) 41 CERamic 4 pl- 4 plum

cirugia (n) 31 CHIROpractic 4 su- 7 surgery

cirujano (n) 31 CHIROpractor 4 su- 7 surgeon

clinica (n) 31 CLINIC 1 cl- 6 clinic

cocer (v) 45 COOK 1 c- 4 cook (v)

cocido (n) 45 COOKED 3 st- 4 stew (n)

cocinar (v) 45 CUISINE 1 c- 4 cook

codo (n) 24 CUBIT 2 el- 5 elbow

coger (v) 28 COGENT 3 gr- 5 grasp

cojo (ad) 32 COCCYX 2 la- 4 lame

col (fn) 41 CAULiflower 1 ca- 7 cabbafe

colgar (v) 28 COLLOCATE 4 ha- 4 hang

coliflor (fn) 41 CAULIFLOWER 1 cau- 11 cauliflower

colocar (v) 28 COLLOCATE 2 arr- 7 arrange

colorado (ad) 28 COLOR 3 r- 3 red

comadrona (n) 29 MATRON 3 mi- 7 midwife

comer (v) 45 COMESTIBLE 1 e- 3 eat

comida (n) 45 COMESTIBLE 3 m- 4 meal

compra (n_ 44 COMPRADOR 1 pur- 7 purchase

comprar (v) 44 COMPRADOR 1 b- 3 buy

compresa (n) 28 COMPRESS 3 nap- 6 napkin

condón (mn) 29 CONDOM 1 co- 6 condom

consciente (ad) 30 CONSCIOUS 1 con- 9 conscious

conserva (n) 44 CONSERVE 3 ca-fo- 10 canned food

consulta (n) 31 CONSULTATION 1 off-ho- 11 office hours

consultorio (n) 31 CONSULTING 3 pr- 8 practice

copa (n) 43 CUP 2 dr- 5 drink (n)

corazón (mn) 22 CORONARY 1 he- 5 heart

corbata 51 CRAVAT 1 n-t- 7 necktie

corporal (ad) 23 CORPORAL 1 bo- 6 bodily

correr (v) 27 COURIER 3 r- 3 run

cortar (v) 32 CURTAIL 3 c- 3 cut

cortar (v) 45 CURTAIL 3 c- 3 cut

crema (n) 28 CREAM 1 cr- 5 cream

crudo 9ad) 45 CRUDE 4 r- 3 raw

cubierto (n) 45 COVER 4 ta-set- 12 table setting

cubrir (v) 28 COVER 1 co- 5 cover

cuchara (n) 45 COCHLEA 4 sp- 5 spoon

cuchararilla (n) 45 COCHLEA 4 t-sp- 8 teaspoon

cuchillo (n) 45 COULTER 4 kn- 5 knife

cuello (n) 23 COLLAR 4 n- 4 neck

cuenta 46 acCOUNT 1 bi- 4 bill

cuerpo (n) 23 CORPSE 2 b- 4 body

cumpeaños (n) 29 COMPLETE-ANNUAL 1 bir- 8 birthday

curar (v) 33 CURE 1 c- 4 cure (v)

débil (ad) 30 DEBILITY 1 w- 4 weal

dañar (v) 32 DAMAGE 1 da- 6 damage (v)

daño (n) 32 DAMAGE 3 h- 4 hurt (n)

dar (v) 28 DATIVE 1 g- 4 give

dedo (n) 21 DIGIT 1 fi- 6 finger

dejar (v) 28 LAX 3 l-be- 11 leave behind

delgado (ad) 28 DELICATE 3 sle- 7 slender

des-cansar (v) 27 QUASH 1 r- 4 rest (v)

desayunar (v) 45 DIS-JEJUNE 4 br-fa- 9 breakfast (v)

desayuno (n) 45 DIS-JEJUNE 4 br-fa- 9 breakfast (n)

descafeinado (ad) 42 DECAFFEINATED 1 dec- 14 decaffeinated

desmayar(se) 32 DISMAY (?) 3 fa- 5 faint

desnudar(se) 50 NUDE 3 und- 7 undress

desnudo 51 NUDE 1 n- 4 nude

despertar(se) (v) 27 PERT 4 wa- 5 waken

despierto (ad) 28 PERT 2 aw- 5 awake

diente (mn( 21 DENTAL 1 t- 5 tooth

digerir (v) 24 DIGEST 1 di- 6 digest

digestión (fn) 24 DIGESTION 1 di- 9 digestion

dirección (fn) 12 DIRECTION 3 add- 7 address

divorciado (ad) 11 DIVORCED 1 div 8 divorced

doler (v) 30 DOLOROUS 3 ac- 4 ache

dolor (mn) 32 DOLOROUSness 1 p- 4 pain

domicillo (n) 13 DOMICILE 1 do- 8 domicile

don 11 DOMINION 2 m- 2 Mr.

dormir (v) 27 DORMITORY 1 sl- 5 sleep

dormir(se) 27 DORMITORY 1 g-t-sl 9 go to sleep

droga (n) 43 DRUG 1 dr- 4 drug

droguería (n) 28 DRUGstore 1 dr- 9 drugstore

duchar(se) (v) 28 DOUCHE 1 sh- 6 shower (v)

duelo (n) 29 DOLOROUS 1 sor- 6 sorrow

dulce (ad) 26 DULCET 1 sw- 5 sweet

duro (ad) 26 DURABLE 2 h- 4 hard

duro (ad) 45 DURABLE 1 h- 4 hard

eachar(se) (v) 27 EJECT 4 co- 8 collapse

echar (v) 45 EJECT 4 a- 3 add

echar (v) 28 proJECTILE 1 thr- 5 throw

edad (fn) 12 AETAT 1 a- 3 age

embarazada (a) 29 EMBARRASSED 3 preg- 8 pregnant

embarazo (n) 29 EMBARRASSMENT 4 preg- 9 pregnancy

embutido (n) 40 IMBUE 4 sau- 7 sausage

emfermo (ad) 30 INFIRM 1 s- 4 sick

emigrante (n) 13 EMIGRANT 1 em- 8 emigrant

empaste (mn) 33 PASTE 4 fi- 7 filling

emplear (v) 28 EMPLOY 1 em- 6 employ

empujar (v) 28 IMPEL 1 pu- 4 push

enamorado (ad) 29 INAMORATA 1 bel- 7 beloved

encendedor (mn) 43 INCENDIARY 1 li- 7 lighter

encender (v) 28 INCINERATE 4 li- 5 light (v)

encontrar (v) 30 ENCOUNTER 2 f- 4 find

enfermar 30 INFIRM 1 a- 3 ail

enfermedad (fn) 32 INFIRMITY 1 ill- 6 illness

enfermero (n) 31 INFIRMARY 1 n- 5 murse

enfermo (n) 32 INFIRM 1 pa- 7 patient

engordar (v) 28 GORGE 3 fat- 6 fatten

ensalada (n) 45 SALAD 1 sa- 5 salad

entrar (v) 27 ENTER 1 en- 5 enter

entregar (v) 28 INTEGRATE 4 de- 7 deliver

envenenar (v) 29 ENVENOM 1 po- 6 poison (v)

envolver (v) 28 INVOLVE 4 wr- 5 wrap

escoger 46 COGENT (?) 1 ch- 6 choose

esconder (v) 28 reCONDITE 1 h- 4 hide

escuchar (v) 26 AUSCULTATE 1 lis- 6 listen

esfuerzo (n) 27 efFORT 1 ef- 6 effort

espárrago (n) 41 ASPARAGUS 1 asp- 9 asparagus

espalda (n) 22 EPAULETTE 4 b- 4 back

esparadrapo (n) 33DRAPE 4 adh-t- 12 adhesive tape

especialidad (fn) 46 SPECIALTY 1 spe- 9 specialty

espinaca (n) 41 SPINACH 1 sp- 7 spinach

esqueleto (n) 23 SKELETON 1 sk- 8 skeleton

estómago (n) 22 STOMACH 1 st- 7 stomach

estanco (n) 44 STAGNATION 4 sh- 4 shop (n)

estar (v) 11 STAND (oe) 2 b- 2 be

examinar (v) 28 EXAMINE 1 ex- 7 examine

exprimir (v) 45 PRESS 3 sq 6 sqeeze

extranjero (n) 12 STRANGER 3 for- 9 foreigner

faba (mn) 41 FAVA 1 b- 4 bean

falda 50 FOLD 2 sk 5 skirt

farmacía (n) 28 PHARMACY 1 ph- 8 pharmacy

femenino (ad) 28 FEMININE 1 fem- 8 feminine

feo (ad) 28 FETID 2 ug- 4 ugly

fiebre (fn) 32 FEBRILE 1 f- 5 fever

fijar (v) 28 FIX 1 f- 3 fix

filete (mn) 40 FILET 1 f- 5 filet

filtro (n) 43 FILTER 1 fi- 6 filter

fisico (ad) 23 PHYSICAL 1 ph- 8 physical

flan (mn) 40 FLAT 4 cu- 7 custard

frío (n) 26 FRIGIDITY 1 c- 4 cold (n)

fractura (n) 32 FRACTURE 1 br- 5 break (n)

freir (v) 45 FRY 1 fr- 3 fry

frente (fn) 21 FRONT 3 for- 8 forehead

fresa (n) 41 FRAGment 4 st-be- 10 strawberry

frito (ad) 45 FRIED 1 fr- 5 fried

frotar (v) 33 FRICTION 3 r- 3 rub

fruta (n) 41 FRUIT 1 fr- 5 fruit

fuego (n) 45 FOCUS 4 f- 4 fire

fuerte (ad) 28 FORTIFY 1 str- 5 strong

fumador (mn) 43 FUME 1 sm- 6 smoker

fumar (v) 43 FUME 3 sm- 5 smoke (v)

gafas (n) 33 GAFF 4 e-gl- 10 eye-glasses

galleta (n) 40 GALLET 3 co- 6 cookie

garganta (n) 24 GARGLE 2 th- 6 throat

gazpacho (n) 45 CACOphony (?) 4 co-so- 8 cold soup

gesto (n) 27 GESTURE 1 ge- 7 gesture

gordo (ad) 28 GORGE 2 f- 3 fat

gorra 51 CORONA (?) 3 c- 3 cap

gota (n) 33 GUTTER 3 dr- 4 drop (n)

gozar 26 GAUDY 4 enj- 5 enjoy

grave (ad) 32 GRAVE 1 gr- 5 grave

gripe (fn) 32 GRIPPE 1 fl- 3 flu

grueso 51 GROSS 1 th- 5 thick

guante (m) 50 WANT 4 gl- 5 glove

guapo (ad) 28 HAPPY (?) 3 pr- 6 pretty

guardar (v) 28 GUARD 2 st- 5 store

guisante (mn) 41 PISIFORM 1 p- 3 pea

gustar (v) 26 GUSTO 1 ta- 5 taste (v)

gusto (n) 26 GUSTO 1 ta- 5 taste (n)

hachis (mn) 43 HASHISH 1 has- 7 hashish

hallar (v) 28 SUFFLATE 4 fi- 4 find

hambre (mn) 45 FAMINE 1 hu- 6 hungry

harina (n) 40 FARINA 1 fl- 5 flour

hecho (ad) 45 FACT 4 d- 4 done

helado (n) 40 GELATIN 3 i-cr- 8 ice cream

hembra (n) 29 FEMININE 1 fe- 6 female

herida (n) 32 FIERCEness 4 in- 6 injury

herido (ad) 32 FIERCE 4 in- 7 injured

hervir (v) 45 FERVENT 3 b- 4 boil

hichado (ad) 32 inFLATE 1 swo- 7 swollen

higado (n) 24 FIG 4 liv- 5 liver

higiénico (ad) 28 HYGENIC 1 hy- 7 hygenic

hombre (mn) 11 HOMINID 1 m- 3 man

hombro (n) 24 HUMERUS 1 sh- 8 shoulder

homosexual (n) 29 HOMOSEXUAL 1 ho- 10 homosexual

hongo (n) 32 FUNGUS 1 fu- 6 fungus

horchada (n) 42 HORTICULTURE 4 alm-dr- 11 almond drink

horno (n) 45 FURNACE 3 ov- 4 oven

hospital (mn) 31 HOSPITAL 1 ho- 8 hospital

hueso (n) 21 OSSIFY 2 b- 4 bone

huevo (n) 40 OVULATE 1 e- 3 egg

identidad (fn) 12 IDENTITY 1 id- 8 identity

inflamar (v) 32 INFLAME 1 swe 5 swell (v)

immigrante (n) 13 IMMIGRANT 1 im- 9 immigrant

incluido 46 INCLUDED 1 inc- 8 inckuded

infancía (n) 29 INFANCY 1 inf- 7 infancy

infantil (ad) 29 INFANTILE 1 inf 9 infantile

infección (fn) 32 INFECTION 1 ing- 9 infection

instrucción 28 INSTRUCTION 1 i- 11 instruction

intimo (ad) 29 INTIMATE 1 int- 8 intimate

inyección (fn) 33 INJECTION 1 inj 9 injection

ir (v) 27 ITINERARY 1 g- 2 go

ir(se) (v) 27 ITINERANT 1 lea- 5 leave

jabón (mn) 28 SAPONIFY 1 so- 4 soap

jamón (mn) 40 HAM 1 h- 3 ham

jarra 46 JAR 1 pi- 7 pitcher

jerez (mn) 43 SHERRY 1 sh- 6 sherry

jersey (m) 50 JERSEY 2 sw- t sweater

joven (ad) 29 JUVENILE 1 y- 5 young

joven (mn) 29 JUVENILE 1 y- 5 young man

judia (n) 41 JUICE (?) 4 be- 4 bean

jugo (n) 42 JUICE 1 ju- 5 juice

juvenetud (fn) 29 JUVENALIA 1 yo- 5 youth

juvenile (ad) 28 JUVENILE 2 you- 8 youthful

labio (n) 23 LABIAL 1 l- 3 lip

laca (fn) 28 LACQUER 3 n-po- 10 nail polish

langosta (n) 40 LOCUST 4 lo- 7 lobster

lata (n) 44 LATTEN 3 c- 3 can (n)

lavar(se) (v) 28 LAVE 1 wa- 4 wash

leche (fn) 42 LACTIC 1 m- 4 milk

lechuga (n) 41 LACTIC 4 le- 7 lettuce

legumbre (fn) 41 LEGUME 2 veg- 9 vegetable

lengua (n) 21 biLINGUAL 2 to- 6 tongue

lenguado (n) 40 LING cod (?) 4 s- 4 sole

lesbiana (n) 29 LESBIAN 1 le- 7 lesbian

levantar (v) 28 eLEVATE 1 l- 4 lift

levantar(se) (v) 27 LEVERage 3 r- 4 rise

leve (ad) 32 alLEVIATE 1 sl- 6 slight

licor (mn) 43 liqueur 1 li- 7 liqueur

limón 41 LEMON 1 l- 5 lemon

lima (n) 28 LIME (?) 4 fi- 4 file

limpio (ad) 28 LIMPID 1 li- 6 limpid

liso 51 LEACH 1 pl- 5 plain (a)

lista (n) 46 LIST 1 list 4 list

llamar(se) 11 CLAMOR 2 ca- 4 call

llegar (v) 27 PLAY 4 arr- 6 arrive

llenar (v) 28 PLENTiful 1 f- 4 fill

llevar 50 LEVY 4 w 4 wear

llevar (v) 28 LEVY 2 t- 4 take

loco (ad) 32 ULULATE 3 cr- 5 crazy

locura 32 LOCO 1 ma- 7 madness

luto (n) 29 LUTEAL 4 mou- 8 mourning

músculo 25 MUSCLE 1 mu- 6 muscle

madrugar 27 MATURE 4 r-ea- 9 rise early

maduro (ad) 41 MATURE 1 r- 4 ripe

magro (ad) 45 EMACIATED 2 l- 4 lean

maiz (mn) 41 MAIZE 1 c- 4 corn

malestar (mn) 30 MALADY 2 F 13 indisposition

manchar(se) (v) 28 imMACULATE 1 di- 5 dirty (v)

mano (fn) 21 MANipulate 1 h- 4 hand

mantel (mn) 45 MANTLE 3 ta-cl- 10 tablecloth

mantequilla (n) 40 MANGER (?) 4 bu- 6 butter

manzana (n) 41 MANCHINEEL 4 ap- 5 apple

maquillar(se) (v) 28 MAKE 1 ma- 6 makeup

mareado (ad) 32 MARINE 4 di- 5 dizzy

marijuana (n) 43 MARIJUANA 1 mar- 9 marijuana

(n) 40 MARMALADE 1 j- 3 jam

marsico (n) 40 MARINE 3 shel- 9 shellfish

masaje (mn) 33 MASSAGE 1 ma- 7 massage (n)

masculino (ad) 28 MASCULINO 1 masc- 9 masculine

masticar (v) 45 MASTICATE 1 ch- 4 chew

matriz (fn) 29 MATRIX 4 ute- 6 uterus

mayonesa (n) 45 mayonnaise 1 may- 10 mayonnaise

media 50 MIDDLE 4 ny-st- 11 nylon stocking

medicamento (n) 33 MEDICation 1 med- 9 medication

medicina (n) 33 MEDICINE 1 m- 8 medicine

medico (n) 31 MEDIC 1 d- 5 doctor

mejillón (mn) 40 MUSSEL 1 mu- 6 mussel

mejilla (n) 23 MAXILLA 1 ch- 5 cheek

mejorar (v) 33 MELIORATE 1 im- 7 improve

melón (mn) 41 MELON 1 me- 5 melon

melocotón (mn) 41 MELON 4 pe- 5 peach

menú (mn( 46 MENU 4 di- 6 dinner

mercado (n) 44 MARKET 1 ma- 6 market

merienda 45 MERIDIAN 4 sn- 5 snack

merluza (n) 40 MARINE-LOX 1 ha- 4 hake

mezclar (v) 45 MIX 1 m- 3 mix

miel (fn) 40 MILDEW 1 ho- 5 honey

miope (ad) 32 MYOPIC 1 my- 6 myopic

mirada (n) 26 adMIRATION 3 l- 4 look (n)

mirar (v) 26 adMIRE 2 lo- 4 look

moda 50 MODE 1 st- 5 style

modado (ad) 28 eMOLLIENT 2 w- 3 wet

mojar (v) 28 eMOLLIENT 4 w- 3 wet (v)

moreno (ad) 28 MOROCCO 2 br- 5 brown

morir (v) 29 MORTALITY 1 d- 3 die

mortal (ad) 29 MORTAL 1 fat- 5 fatal

mostaza (n) 40 MUSTARD 1 mu- 7 mustard

mover (v) 28 MOVE 1 m- 4 move

muñexa (n) 24 MANACLE 3 wr- 5 wrist

mudo (ad) 32 MUTE 4 m- 4 mute

muela (n) 21 MOLAR 1 m- 5 molar

muerte (ad) 29 MORTICIAN 1 d- 4 dead

muerte (fn) 29 MORTUARY 1 d- 5 death

mujer (fn) 11 MULIEbrity 2 wo- 5 woman

número (n) 12 NUMBER 1 nu- 6 number

nacer (v) 29 NATIVITY 1 t-b-bo- 8 to be born

naranja (n) 41 ORANGE 1 or- 6 orange

naranjada (n) 42 ORANGEADE 1 or- 9 orangeade

nariz (fn) 21 NASAL 1 n- 4 nose

nata (n) 40 MANGER 4 cr- 5 cream

nationalidad (fn) 12 NATIONALITY 1 na- 11 nationality

negro (ad) 28 NEGRO 1 bl- 5 black

nervio (n) 25 NERVE 1 n- 5 nerve

niño (n) 11 MINOR 3 b- 3 boy

nombre (mn) 11 NOMENclature 1 na- 4 name

notar (v) 26 NOTice 1 no- 6 notice (v)

oicante (ad) 45 PIQUANT 1 sp- 5 spicy

oido (n) 26 AUDIO 1 he 7 hearing

oimiento (n) 41 PIGMENT 3 pe- 6 pepper

oir (v) 26 AUDible 1 h- 4 hear

ojo (n) 21 OCULIST 1 e- 3 eye

oler (v) 26 OLFACTORY 1 sm- 5 smell (v)

olor (mn) 26 OLFACTION 1 sm- 5 smell (n)

operación (fn) 33 OPERATION 1 op- 9 operation

oreja (n) 21 AURAL 1 e- 3 ear

otro 46 anOTHER 1 ano- 7 another

pállido (ad) 28 PALLID 1 p- 4 pale

pésame (mn) 29 PENSIVE 3 sym- 7 sympathy

pañuelo 50 PANEL 3 cl- 5 cloth

paella (n) 45 PATELLA 3 pa- 6 paella

pagar (v) 44 PACIFY 4 p- 3 pay

pan (mn) 40 PANNIER 4 br- 5 bread

panadería (n) 44 PANNIER 4 ba- 6 bakery

panteléon (m) 50 PANTS 1 p- 5 pants

paquete (mn) 44 PACKAGE 1 pa- 7 package

parar(se) 27 PARADE 2 st- 4 stop (v)

parecer(se) (v) 28 apPEAR 2 res- 8 resemble

parrilla (n) 45 BARBEQUE (?) 1 gr- 5 grill

parto (n) 29 vivi-PAROUS 1 b- 5 birth

pasaporte (mn) 12 PASSPORT 1 pa- 8 passport

pasar (v) 27 PASS 1 g-i- 4 go in

paso (n) 27 PEDESTRIAN 3 st- 4 step (n)

pastel (mn) 40 PASTE 2 p- 3 pie

pastilla (n) 33 PASTILLE 1 p- 4 pill

patata 41 POTATO 1 po- 6 potato

pecho (n) 22 PECTORAL 1 br- 6 breast

pedir (v) 46 PETITION 3 or- 5 order (v)

peinado (n) 28 PECTINATE 1 hai- 8 hairdo

peine (mn) 28 PECTINATE 1 co- 4 comb

pelirojo (ad) 28 HAIR-RED 1 r-h- 9 red-haired

pelo (n) 21 dePILATORY 1 h- 4 hair

peluqueria (n) 28 dePILATORY 1 bar- 10 barbershop

pepino (n) 41 PUMPKIN 4 cu- 8 cucumber

pera (n) 41 PEAR 1 p- 4 pear

percebir (v) 26 PERCEIVE 1 per- 8 perceive

perejil (mn) 41 PARSLEY 1 pa- 7 parsley

perfume (n) 28 PERFUME 1 per- 7 perfume

periodo (n) 29 PERIOD 4 men- 11 menstruation

persona (n) 11 PERSON 1 p-- 6 person

pesadilla (n) 28 PENSIVE 3 nigh- 9 nightmare

pescado (n) 40 PISCES 1 f- 4 fish

piña (n) 41 PINE 4 pi-ap- 9 pineapple

picadura (n) 32 PICK 3 bi- 4 bite (n)

pie 23 PODiatrist 1 f- 4 foot

piel (fn) 21 PELTRY 1 sk- 4 skin

pierna 23 PODiatrist 4 l- 3 leg

pijama 50 PAJAMA 4 pa- 7 pajama

pildora (n) 29 PILL 1 p- 4 pill

pimentón (mn) 40 PIMENTO 1 pa- 7 paprika

pimento (n) 40 PIMENTO 1 pe- 6 pepper

pinchar (v) 28 PUNCTURE 1 pun- 8 puncture

pintar(se) (v) 28 PAINT 1 p- 5 paint

pinzas (n) 28 PINCERS 3 tw- 8 tweezers

pipa (n) 43 PIPE 1 p- 4 pipe

pisar (v) 27 PEDESTRIAN 3 st- 4 step (v)

plátano (n) 41 PLANTAIN 1 ba- 7 bananna

plancha (n) 46 PLANK 3 gr- 7 griddle

plato (n) 46 PLATTER 3 co- 6 course

plato (n) 45 PLATE 1 pl- 5 plate

podrido (ad) 44 PUTRID 1 sp- 7 spoiled

pollo (n) 40 POULTRY 1 ch- 7 chicken

pomada (n) 33 POMADE 2 sa- 5 salve

poner(se) 50 POSITION 3 p-o- 5 put on

postre (mn) 46 POSTERIOR 3 de- 7 dessert

precio (n) 44 PRECIOUS 2 pr- 5 price

preparar (v) 45 PREPARE 1 pr- 7 prepare

prevenir (v) 33 PREVENT 1 pre- 7 prevent

probar (v) 45 PROBE 4 ta- 5 taste (v)

profesión (fn) 12 PROFESSION 1 pro- 10 profession

propina 46 PROPINA (ital.) 4 t- 3 tip

puño (n) 24 PUGILIST 2 fi- 4 fist

pubertad (fn) 29 PUBERTY 1 pu- 7 puberty

pulmón (n) 24 PULMONARY 1 l- 4 lung

pulmonia (n) 32 PNEUNMONIA 1 pne- 10 pneunmonia

pus (mn) 32 PUS 1 p- 3 pus

quadro 51 QUADRANGLE 1 ch- 5 check

quedar(se) 27 QUIET 4 rem- 6 remain

quemar (v) 32 CREMATE 1 b- 4 burn

quemar (v) 45 CREMATE 1 b- 4 burn

querer (v) 29 QUEST 1 des- 6 desire (v)

queso (n) 40 CASEIN 1 ch- 6 cheese

quieto (ad) 27 QUIET 1 qu- 5 quiet

quitar (v) 28 reQUITE 4 t-aw- 8 take away

quitar(se) 51 QUIT 3 und- 7 undress

régimen (mn) 33 REGIMEN 3 d- 4 diet

rímel (mn) 28 RHEUM (?) 4 mas- 7 mascara

ración (fn) 46 RATION 1 po- 7 portion

rascar(se) 27 RAZOR 3 scr- 6 scratch

raya 51 RAY 3 str- 6 stripe

rebanada (n) 45 RAPINE 4 sl- 5 slice (n)

receta (n) 33 RECIPE 2 pre- 12 prescription

receta (n) 45 RECEIPT 3 rec- 6 recipe

recoger (v) 28 RECOLLECT 1 co- 7 collect

reconocer (v) 33 RECONNOITER 3 exa- 7 examine

reconocer (v) 26 RECOGNIZE 1 rec- 9 recognize

refresco (n) 42 REFRESHMENT 1 ref- 11 refreshment

región (fn) 13 REGION 1 re- 6 region

regresar (v) 27 REGRESS 1 ret- 6 return

reir(se) (v) 27 RIDICULE 4 la- 5 laugh

relajar(se) (v) 27 RELAX 1 re- 5 relax

remover (v) 45 REMOVE 4 st- 4 stir

resfriado (n) 32 FRIGIDITY 3 c- 4 cold (n)

residencia (fn) 13 RESIDENCE 1 re- 9 residence

respiración (n) 24 RESPIRATION 1 res- 11 respiration

respirare (v) 24 RESPIRATION 1 br- 7 breathe

restaurante (mn) 46 RESTAURANT 1 res- 10 restaurant

retener (v) 28 RETAIN 1 r- 6 retain

reuma (n) 32 RHEUM 1 rheu- 10 rheumatism

riñon (mn) 24 RENAL 1 ki- 6 kidney

rico (ad) 45 RICH 4 del - 9 delicious

risa (n) 27 RISIBILITY 4 la- 5 laughter

rizado (ad) 28 RHIZOID (?) 2 wa- 4 wavy

rodaja (n) 40 ROUND 3 sl- 5 slice

rodilla (n) 25 ROTATOR 4 kn- 4 knee

romper (v) 28 RUPTURE 1 br- 5 break (v)

ron (mn) 43 RUM 1 r- 3 rum

ropa 50 ROBE 3 r- 4 clothing

rubio (ad) 28 RUBY 4 blo- 6 blonde

ruido (n) 26 ROAR 2 noi- 5 noise

sabor (n) 26 SAVOR 1 fla - 6 flavor

sabroso (ad) 45 SAVORY 1 ta- 5 tasty

sacar (v) 28 SACK 2 t-o- 7 take out

sacarina (n) 40 SACCHARIN 1 sac- 9 saccharin

sal (fn) 40 SALT 1 s- 4 salt

salado (ad) 26 SALTY 1 s- 5 salty

salchichón 40 SAUSAGE 1 sau- 7 sausage

salir (v) 27 SALLY 1 le- 5 leave

salmón (mn) 40 SALMON 1 sa- 6 salmon

salsa (n) 45 SAUCE 1 sa- 5 sauce

salud 30 SALUTARY 1 he- 6 health

sandia (n) 41 sandia (Ar) 1 wa-me- 10 watermelon

sangrar (v) 32 SANGUINARY 1 bl- 5 bleed

sangre (fn) 22 conSANGUINITY 1 bl- 5 blood

sangria (n) 43 SANGUINARY 4 wi-pu- 9 wine punch

sano (ad) 30 SANE 2 he- 7 healthy

sarampion (mn) 32 XERO-AMPELopsis 4 mea- 7 measles

sardina (n) 40 SARDINA 1 sa- 7 sardine

señalar (v) 28 SIGNAL 4 ind- 8 indicate

señor 11 SENIOR 3 m- 2 Mr.

secador (mn) 28 SICCATIVE 1 dr- 5 dryer

secar(se) (v) 28 SICCATIVE 1 dr- 3 dry (v)

sed (fn) 42 SICCATIVE 1 th- 6 thirst

sediente (ad) 42 SICCATIVE 1 th- 7 thirsty

semiseco (ad) 43 SICCATIVE 1 se-dr- 7 semidry

sentar(se) (v) 27 SEDENTary 1 s- 3 sit

sentido (n) 26 SENSE 1 s- 5 sense (n)

sentir (v) 26 SENTimental 1 fe- 4 feel

sentir (v) 30 SENTIMENT 3 f- 4 feel

sepultura (n) 29 SEPULCHER 1 gr- 5 grave

ser (v) 11 ESSENCE 1 ess- 7 be

servilleta (n) 45 SERVIETEE 1 na- 6 napkin

servir (v) 46 SERVE 1 se- 5 serve

sexo (n) 12 SEX 1 s- 3 sex

sexual (ad) 29 SEXUAL 1 se- 6 sexual

siesta (n) 27 SEXTet 3 n- 3 nap

silencio (n) 26 SILENCE 1 qui- 5 quiet

soñar (v) 28 inSOMNIA 3 dr- 5 dream (v)

socorro (n) 31 SUCCOR 1 h 4 help

soltar (v) 28 disSOLVE 1 loo- 6 loosen

soltero (ad) 11 SOLITARY 3 si- 6 single

sombra (n) 28 SOMBRERO 2 sh- 6 shadow

sombrero 50 SOMBER 2 h- 3 hat

sonreir (v) 27 RIDICULE 4 sm- 5 smile (v)

sonrisa (n) 27 RISIBLE 4 sm- 6 smile (n)

sopa (n) 45 SOUP 1 s- 4 soup

sordo (ad) 32 SURD 1 d- 4 deaf

sordomudo (n) 32 SURD-MUTE 1 de- 8 deafmute

soso (ad) 45 UNSALTED 3 d- 4 dull

suave (ad) 43 SUAVE 4 m- 4 mild

sucio (ad) 28 SOILed 3 di- 5 dirty

sudar (v) 32 SUDORIFIC 1 sw- 5 sweat

sudor (mn) 25 SUDORific 1 swe- 5 sweat

sueño 28 inSOMNIA 3 dr- 5 dream (n)

sufrir (v) 32 SUFFER 1 su- 6 suffer

suicidio (n) 29 SUICIDE 1 sui- 7 suicide

supermercado (n) 44 SUPERMARKET 1 su-ma- 11 supermarket

té (mn) 42 TEA 1 t- 3 tea

tabaco (n) 43 TOBACCO 1 to- 6 tobacco

taburete (mn) 46 TAMBOURINE 2 st- 5 stool

tacto (n) 26 TACTile 1 to- 5 touch (n)

tampón (mn) 28 TAMPON 1 t- 6 tampon

tapa (n) 46 TAP 3 sn- 5 snack

taza (n) 45 demi-TASSE 1 c- 3 cup

teñir (v) 28 TINGE 1 d- 3 dye

tejano 50 proTECT 3 j- 5 jeans

tejido 51 TEXTURE 1 f- 6 fabric

teléfono (n) 12 TELEPHONE 1 te- 9 telephone

tela 50 TEXTILE 1 cl- 5 cloth

temblar (v) 27 TREMBLE 1 tr- 7 tremble

tenador (mn) 45 TENTACLE 4 f- 4 fork

tienda (n) 44 TENT 4 st- 5 store (n)

tifus (mn) 32 TYPHUS 1 ty- 6 typhus

tipico (ad) 45 TYPICAL 1 ti- 7 typical

tipo (n) 28 TYPE 4 fig- 6 figure

tirar (v) 28 TIRADE 1 thr- 5 throw

tirita (n) 33 TIRADE 4 ba-ai- 7 band-aid

toalla (n) 28 TOWEL 1 t- 5 towel

tobillo (n) 25 TUBER 4 ank- 5 ankle

tocar (v) 26 TOUCH 1 t- 5 touch

tomar (v) 28 TOMOgraphy 4 t- 4 take

tomar (v) 46 TOMOgraphy 4 ta- 4 take

tomar(se) 42 TOMography 4 con- 7 consume

tomato (n) 41 TOMATO 1 to- 6 tomato

torcer (v) 32 TORQUE 1 tw- 5 twist

tortilla (n) 45 TORTE 4 om- 6 omelet

tos (fn) 32 perTUSSIS 1 co- 5 cough (n)

toser (v) 32 TUSSIS 1 co- 5 cough (v)

traer (v) 46 TRACTOR 4 br- 5 bring

tragar (v) 27 TRACHEA 4 sw- 7 swallow

trago (n) 43 TRACHEA 4 dr- 5 drink (n)

traje (m) 50 TRACT 4 su- 4 suit

trasero (n) 25 TRANSOM 4 butt- 8 buttocks

tratar (v) 33 TREAT 1 tr- 5 treat (v)

tumba (a) 29 TOMB 1 t- 4 tomb

turno (n) 44 TURN 1 t- 4 turn (n)

uña (n) 24 UNGULATE 4 fing- 10 fingernail

urgencia (n) 31 URGENCY 1 em- 9 emergency

usar (v) 28 USE 1 u- 3 use (v)

uso (n) 28 USE 1 u- 3 use (n)

uva (n) 41 UVULA 4 gr- 5 grape

vacunación (fn) 33 VACCINATION 1 vac- 11 vaccination

varón (mn) 29 VALOROUS 3 m- 4 male

variedad (fn) 44 VARIETY 1 var- 7 variety

vaso (n) 45 VASE 3 gl- 5 glass

vejez (fn) 29 VETERAN 1 sen- 8 senility

vena (n) 25 VEIN 1 v- 4 vein

venda (n) 33 BINDING 1 ban- 7 bandage

vendar (v) 33 BIND 1 ba- 7 bandage

vender (v) 44 VENDOR 1 s- 4 sell

veneno (n) 29 VENOM 1 po- 6 poison (n)

ver (v) 26 VISualize 1 s- 3 see

verde (ad) 41 VERDANT 1 gr- 5 green

verdulería (n) 44 VERDANT 3 gr-gro 11 greengrocer

verdura (n) 41 VERDURE 3 veg- 10 vegetables

vestido 50 VESTMENT 1 dr- 5 dress (n)

vestir(se) 50 VESTMENT 1 dr- 5 dress

vida (n) 29 VITALITY 1 l- 4 life

viejo (ad) 29 VETERAN 2 o- 3 old

vientre (n) 24 VENTRAL 1 be- 5 belly

vinagre (mn) 40 VINEGAR 1 vi- 7 vinegar

vino (n) 43 VINE 3 w- 4 wine

virgen (fn) 29 VIRGIN 1 vi- 6 virgin

vista (n) 26 VISION 1 si- 5 sight

viudo(n) 11 WIDOWer (oe) 1 wi 8 widower

vivir (v) 29 reVIVE 1 l- 4 live

vivo (ad) 29 VIVACIOUS 1 al- 5 alive

volver(se) (v) 27 reVOLVE 1 t-ar- 10 turn around

vomitar (v) 32 VOMIT 1 v- 5 vomit (v)

zanahoria (n) 41 isufannariya (Ar) 4 ca- 6 carrot

zapatilla 50 SABOTAGE 4 sl- 7 slipper

zapato 50 SABOTAGE 4 sh- 4 shoe

0.119047619 zumo (n) 42 SUCCULENT 4 ju- 5 juice

***

Appendix Two. . . . Do-It-Yourself Test Construction

By way of illustrating our range of test-construction possibilities, here's a sample 10-item test that employs different combinations of our four basic elements: Spanish word, Latinate-English cognate, Crossword-style clue (initial letters and number of letters for the English definition), and English definition (usually a single word)

DIRECTIONS. . . . Each of the ten accompanying four-element test items has one or more of its basic elements and omitted replaced by an underlined blank space. . . . Please write out the omitted item that belongs in the FIRST blank space (or the "only" blank space where applicable). Your test proctor may, by way of variation, specify SECOND blank space.

Question Items: 1-10.

(1) ____ (n) 46 TAP 3 sn- 5 snack

(2) taza (n) 45 demi-TASSE 1 c- 3 ___

(3) teñir (v) 28 TINGE 1 d- 3 ___

(4) tejano 50 proTECT 3 j- 5 jeans

(5) tejido 51 TEXTURE 1 f- 6 ______

(6) ________ (n) 12 TELEPHONE 1 te- 9 telephone

(7) tela 50 _______ cl- 5____

(8) temblar (v) 27 _______1 tr- 7 tremble

(9) tenador (mn) 45 TENTACLE 4 f- 4

(10) tienda (n) 44 ____4____ ____ (n)

COMMENT. . . . Practically considered, a do-it-yourselfer can easily photocopy our original word list, or segment thereof, after which the blanking out process can take place. More ambitiously, several derivative lists can be produced, each of which represents a progressive higher level of difficulty.

Multiple-Choice Version . . . . For each of the above items, please indicate THE FIRST VOWEL LETTER of the answer-word requested. You have four alternatives: (a) A; (b) E; (c) I; (d) O, U, Y, "none of these." Your test proctor may, by way of variation, ask for the second vowel letter or even the third.